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Baca Dan Download Haha ni Nita Hito Chapter 01 Bahasa Indonesia, Doujindesu, Komiktap, Mangasusu, Mangadropout
(a) Some "Bur" words cited for comparison are actually loanwords from Indo-Aryan or Iranian languages. Thus, dumas 'cloud of dust, smoke, water' (p. 31) is clearly borrowed from Old Indic3 dhumah 'smoke, vapor, mist'4 (even the accent is the same); purme 'beforehand, before the time' (p. 34) is isolated in the Bur lexicon and looks like a derivative of OI *purima- > Pali purima- 'earlier' (CDIAL 8286; cf. Eng. former); bada 'sole, step, pace' (p. 40) appears to be from OI padam 'step, pace, stride' (CDIAL 7747), and perhaps others.
(1) The retroflex stops. C (pp. 26-27) claims "We do not know the genesis of the retroflex consonants in Bur … we cannot know with certainty whether Bur originally possessed aspirates and cerebrals or whether these phonemes were acquired from IndoAryan." Although C does not discuss it, the DC hypothesis provides a ready explanation for at least some of the retroflex consonants in Bur: 7
Burushaski and Domaki (an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of the Burushaski-speaking area)15 have an unusual consonant [y], variously described as "a fricative r, pronounced with the tongue in the retroflex ('cerebral') position" (Morgenstierne 1945), "a kind of r | y and z" (Lorimer 1937: 72), "a voiced retroflex sibilant with simultaneous palatal-dorsal narrowing" (Berger 1998), "a curious sound whose phonetic realizations vary from a retroflex, spirantized glide, to a retroflex velarized spirant" (Anderson, ms.). Because of the elusive character of this sound, it has been transcribed in various ways; for example, the word for 'my father', transcribed here as aya, is found in the literature as aiyah, alya, agha, aya, or ara.
As noted by Morgenstierne (1945), Bur [y] in loanwords from Indo-Aryan derives from the retroflex sound *r, which in turn can come from *t, *d, *dh. Morgenstierne and Berger cite the examples:
13 "The development *lt > retroflex is evident also from early Indo-Aryan, and later again in the Prakrits. Nostraticists explain Dravidian retroflexes in the same way. This areal tendency should probably not be attributed to influence of Dravidian (which is not seen in the early Rgveda), but as an areal feature of the Northwest (of Greater India), as seen in Bur, Pashto, Old Indic of the Rgveda, and later also Khotanese Saka." (M. Witzel, pc.)
16 "The Rgveda originally did not have [retroflex l] but acquired it only during [oral] transmission, by c. 500 BCE. And Panini also does not have it in his grammar … He does not even have the vowel l [1], just the vowel r [r]. The later Vedic (Post-Rgveda) record is quite checkered [in regard to retroflex l]. The Delhi area and some texts east and south of it had such a retroflex. … [retroflex l] is now found in the mountain area of Indo-Aryan, from the Afghan border to the western Nepalese border." (M. Witzel, p.c.).
56 "Skr. talu- 'palate' [is] exactly matching Burushaski tal 'palate' — which is usually regarded as borrowed from Indian, but in fact also would be quite a regular reflex of [PDC] *HAtlV" (CSCG 75-76). The Sanskrit word, which has no clear Indo-European etymology, is thus probably one of the words adopted from Burushaski when Proto-Indic speakers entered the Indian subcontinent. See Witzel (1999).
91 Concerning verbal prefixes in IE, the situation is rather complex. Most of the historically attested IE languages use prefixes, which represent the prepositions, sometimes "frozen," as in Hittite. The verbal augment is another example, different from usual prefixes. Its existence is attested in Indo-Iranian, Armenian, Greek. E. Hamp (1997, 127) tried to demonstrate that it is not excluded that it was known in other languages too, e.g. in the Latin form enos 'we' instead of nos in the Carmen Arvale. This means that this "prefix" would be free and not dependent only on the verb. There could also be some old prefixes of the type "s-mobile" in Indo-European, maybe corresponding with the Afroasiatic s-causative.
112 Lorimer (1935) considered Burushaski -akin, pl. -akimi], -aki-ni] 'liver' a borrowing from Indo-Iranian: OI yakrt, gen. yakna 'liver', Pashto yma, Yidgha yegan id. etc. (IEW 504; Bailey 1979: 108).
124 For an Indo-European analogy, there is a "relationship" between, say, North Germanic and Western Iranian, in the sense that both are subgroups of IE, but they do not form any kind of taxon by themselves.
